Those in the highest tax brackets typically benefit from the ownership of municipal bonds, as they are one of the most reliable sources of safety, liquidity, and tax-free income. Municipal bonds should be viewed as a core holding for the portion of assets for which the risk tolerance is low. Other asset classes can be employed to secure higher potential growth.

For individuals with less than $2mm to invest, mutual and exchange traded funds offer investors professional management and the all-important diversification they would be unlikely to attain otherwise. Clients, on the other hand, looking to preserve great wealth are most often far better served by owning a portfolio of individual bonds.

Most individuals have insufficient time, knowledge, and resources to manage a bond portfolio effectively. Since there is not a central exchange for the thousands of bonds that are available on any given day, establishing an accurate price on any bond is extremely difficult. Opinions vary widely and an unskilled investor can easily pay far too much for a bond. They may even be buying unsuitable bonds.

Hiring a knowledgeable and well-connected professional with extensive “street” relationships increases the universe of bonds available allowing the manager to negotiate optimal prices on your behalf. Astute managers typically earn their keep by minimizing the bid-offer spread, even before their time-tested processes and market strategies are employed.